Greece+and+Rome

= Greece and Rome =

HANDOUT: Roman Civilization

Introduction: Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated central area with over 2.7 million residents. System of Governent:The Roman state was described as the republic (respublica) and its consuls, or chief magistrates, continued to be appointed even after the establishment of one-man rule under the empire, but in its pure form it lasted only until the beginning of the first century B.C. Greece: Greece had a lot of governments as there were a lot of cities/states and each one had their own government. People's ideas changed the good government of Greece overtime. Greek governments were divided into monarchies, oligarchies, tyrannies and democracies, and most historians still use these same divisions. Geece began by having monarchies, oligarchies, then tyrannies and later democracies. There were many states which were not democratic but in 510 BC, Athens created the first democratic government and others imitated them. Despite that, no women, slaves, children or foreigners could vote. There wasn't much freedom. Mostly the rich got the most power. Patricians:This was the class of wealthy people.Patrician originally referred to a group of citizens in Rome. Plebiains:They were the poor citizens. They did not have many rights and they were not allowed to vote or to do office work

Research:-  i.  its origin  ii. system of government  iii. patricians and plebeians  A)  Why did republic policies fail in Rome?  B)   Discuss the consequences of its failure.  C)  What measures could have been taken to avoid the failure of the republic policies and restore order in Rome?   Saad: i. and a) Mekaiel: ii. and b) Rafae: Layout (Charts, Pictures, etc.) Yousuf: iii. and c)
 * Questions:- **
 * Division of work:- **

=RAFAE WHEN MAKINGTHE BOOKLET. THECONTENTS WILL BE ON SECOND PAGE.AFTER THAT THE INFORMATION ON EACH TOPIC WILL BE ON DIFFERENT PAGES AND THEN THE QUESTIONS.= =AFTER WE HAVE FINISHED OUR WORK RAFAE YOU HAVE TO PRINT ALL THIS OUT AND PUT IT ON THE BOOKLET.PLEASE EVERY MEMBER OF THE GROUP FIND PICTURES ON THEIR GIVEN TASKS.RAFAE START COPING FROM THE INTRODUCTION.=

Introduction:

Rome
 * Rome ** is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated central area with over 2.7 million residents. While the population of the urban area is estimated to be 3.46 million. The metropolitan area of Rome is estimated to have a population of 3.7 million.

Rome's history as a city spans over two and a half thousand years, as one of the founding cities of [|Western Civilisation]. It was the centre of the [|Roman Empire], which dominated [|Europe] , [|North Africa] and the [|Middle East] for over four hundred years from the [|1st Century BC] until the [|4th Century AD]. Rome has a significant place in [|Christianity] and is the present day home of the [|Roman Catholic Church] and the site of the [|Vatican City], an independent city-state run by the Catholic Church. As one of the few major European cities that escaped [|World War II] relatively unscathed, central Rome remains essentially [|Renaissance] and [|extravagant] in character. Rome is the third-most-visited tourist destination in the European. As a modern city it has been capital of the unified Italy since 1870, and grew mainly in two periods either side of World War II.

Greece:
 * Greece **officially known as the **Hellenic Republic** is a [|country] in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the [|Balkan Peninsula] . The country has borders with [|Albania], the [|Republic of Macedonia] and [|Bulgaria] to the north, and [|Turkey] to the east. The [|Aegean Sea] lies to the east and south of mainland Greece, while the [|Ionian Sea] lies to the west. Both parts of the Eastern [|Mediterranean] basin feature a vast number of [|islands] , [|islets] and rock islands.

Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilization of [|ancient Greece], generally considered to be the cradle of [|Western civilization]. As such, it is the birthplace of [|democracy], [|Western philosophy] , the [|Olympic Games] , [|Western literature] and [|historiography] , [|political science] , major scientific and [|mathematical] principles, and Western [|drama] , including both [|tragedy] and [|comedy].

Greece is a [|developed country], and a member of the [|European Union] since 1981, as well as a member of the [|Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union] since 2001. ** [|Athens] ** is the capital; [|Thessaloniki], [|Patras] , [|Heraklion] , [|Larissa] , [|Volos] , [|Ioannina] , [|Kavala] , [|Rhodes] and [|Serres] are some of the country's other major cities.

Greece is a developed country, and a member of the European Union since 1981, as well as a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union since 2001. ** Athens ** is the capital; Thessaloniki, Patras , Heraklion , Larissa , Volos , Ioannina , Kavala , Rhodes and Serres are some of the country's other major cities.

origin data here

This is a legend: The legendary origin of the city's name is the traditional founder and first ruler, Romulus. It is said that Romulus and Remus decided to build a city. After having a lot of arguments, Romulus killed his brother Remus. Then he named it after himself, Rome. More recently, attempts have been made to find a linguistic root for the name //Rome//. Possibilities include derivation from Greek language //Ῥώμη// meaning bravery, courage; possibly the connection is with a root //*rum-//, "teat", with possible reference to the totem wolf that adopted and suckled the cognately-named twins Romulus and Remus. Etruscan gives us the word //Rumach//, "from Rome", from which Ruma can be extracted. Its further etymology, as with that of most Etruscan words, remains unknown. The Basque scholar Manuel de Larramendi thought that the origin could be related to the Basque language word //orma// (modern Basque //kirreal//), "wall". The Greeks are believed to have migrated southward into the Balkan peninsula in several waves beginning in the late 3rd millennium BC, the last being the Dorian invasion. The period from 1600 BC to about 1100 BC is described in History of Mycenaean Greece known for the reign of King Agamemnon and the wars against Troy as narrated in the epics of Homer. The period from 1100 BC to the 8th century BC is a "dark age" from which no primary texts survive, and only scant archaeological evidence remains. Secondary and tertiary texts such as Herodotus' //Histories//, Pausanias' //Description of Greece//, Diodorus' //Bibliotheca// and Jerome's //Chronicon//, contain brief chronologies and king lists for this period. The history of Ancient Greece is often taken to end with the reign of Alexander the Great, who died in 323 BC. Subsequent events are described in Hellenistic Greece. Any history of Ancient Greece requires a cautionary note on sources. Those Greek historians and political writers whose works have survived, notably Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Demosthenes, Plato and Aristotle, were mostly either Athenian or pro-Athenian. That is why we know far more about the history and politics of Athens than of any other city, and why we know almost nothing about some cities' histories. These writers, furthermore, concentrate almost wholly on political, military and diplomatic history, and ignore economic and social history. All histories of Ancient Greece have to contend with these limits in their sources.
 * Rome:-**
 * Greece:-**

system of government data here

system of government:


 * ROME**: From 500 BC to 1500 AD, the system in rome was almost the same. Two men were in charge called consuls. Women were not allowed to be consuls.The consuls got advice from the Senate, which was made up of men from wealthy families in Rome. Women were not allowed in the Senate, either. Once you got in the senate, you stayed in for the rest of your life. There were also prefects in Rome who ran the city. There were tribunes who spoke for poorer people in the senate.Finally, there was also an Assembly of all the men (not women) who were grownup and free and had Roman citizenship. They were allowed to vote if they were asked to by the consul.


 * Greece: Greece had a lot of governments as there were a lot of cities/states and each one had their own government. People's ideas changed the good government of Greece overtime. Greek governments were divided into **[|monarchies]**,** [|oligarchies]**,** [|tyrannies]**and** [|democracies]**, and most historians still use these same divisions. Geece began by having monarchies, oligarchies, then tyrannies and later democracies. There were many states which were not democratic but in 510 BC, Athens created the first democratic government and others imitated them. Despite that, no women, slaves, children or foreigners could vote. There wasn't much freedom. Mostly the rich got the most power.**

Plebeains: They were the poor citizens. They did not have many rights and they were not allowed to vote or to do office work.This included the common people of Rome. They were thought to be harsh and unrefined. They typically lived in three-or-four story apartment houses called insulae. There were no bathrooms in the apartments.

Patricians: This was the class of wealthy people. They didn't worked hard. Patrician originally referred to a group of citizens in Rome.  This class included high council officials, and after the fall of the Western Empire it remained a high honorary title in the Byzantine Empire. Medieval patrician classes were once again formally defined groups of elite burgher families in many medieval Italian republic. This included the rich and powerful families.

Questions:
 A)  Why did republic policies fail in Rome?  Republic policies in Rome did not work out because of a number of reasons. The Republic failed because its systems fell apart. The 'laws' of Republican Rome failed when they were manipulated and corrupted by greedy men. Julius Caesar may or may not be one of those, as this is a controversial topic, and there is strong evidence supporting both sides. Because the system broke down, a number of civil wars tore the republic apart, and left room (or one could even say it required) for a single strong hand to restore order. Caesar was such, as Dictator for life (a role he never asked for), and after his death his heir Octavian eventually supplied the order needed.

 B)  Discuss the consequences of its failure. There were a lot of reasons for Rome's failure. Eventually, it's failure led to its downfall. There were a lot of problems such as racial controversies and financial issues because of which Rome went down.

 C)  What measures could have been taken to avoid the failure of the republic policies and restore order in Rome?

In the 1st Century BC the government in Rome began to lose control as war caused unrest and unemployement. There were power struggles in the senate and law and order began to break down. They would have avoided the failure of the republic policies by: -avoiding the war -giving people employement -ruling in a just way -giving everyone a chance to speak -giving everyone their rights